You can tell if you run afoul with this issue, it will throw a MSSQLSERVER ERROR 576.
There are things you can consider when though when designing your CRM entity structure that will help you get around these issues. You can also apply many of these same principals in re-design after the fact to help get the problem back under control.
Here they are:
1. Look for entities that could be broken out into 1-M relationships
Maybe you don't need all of those fields in the same entity. Look for entities that can be broken out into their own entities within the system. This will alleviate the number of rows and over all length of the table.
2. Shorten your columns
Don't use a bunch of space if you don't need to for fields. Give your self enough room, but not so much room that you will never possibly use it all.
3. Look to see if there are fields you don't need
If there are fields in your source system that you know you never use, don't migrate them to the new system. also if you find that there are unneeded columns in your Dynamics CRM system already, delete them.
4. Look to see if there is any other logical way to break up your entity into multiple entities.
Maybe you don't have clear cut 1-M relationships all in the same table but maybe you are modeling something that is really more of a 1-1 relationship in your entity design. Maybe you combined these at first for simplicity's sake, but breaking these out could also help if you are running up against this limitation.
Conclusion
Again, this is not a really terribly common issue in CRM implementations, or it hasn't been in my experiencem but if you run into this you will know that there are ways to work around this.
I also know this list probably isn't exhaustive, so feel free to add more things in the comments.
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