Could you just bring the Subject field through from Case onto this record as a hidden field: when the Case record is selected/updated (O-Data query) or any time the associated Case's subject is updated (would require a plug-in) and use that drive the child lookup instead? Is there any particular reason why it needs to reference back to the Case's subject dynamically?
Perhaps I'm missing the issue here - but here is the scenario I understand you are considering:
Field Parent - lookup field with options A, B, C
Field Child, Lookup with options A1, A2, A3, AB1, B2, B3, C1
1. Do you have the parent lookup as a lookup field on the child lookup entity? You'd add it.
2. Create multiple records in the child lookup - one for each parent level item that makes sense for it.
So for the scenario above, in the Child lookup table at a record level (each line representing a separate record) you have:
A1, Parent=A, Subject = whatever you want
A2, Parent=A, Subject = whatever you want
A3, Parent=A, Subject = whatever you want
AB1, Parent=A, Subject = whatever you want
AB1, Parent=B, Subject = whatever you want
B2, Parent = B, Subject = whatever you want
B3, Parent = B, Subject = whatever you want
C1, Parent = C, Subject = whatever you want
3. Then put the OOTB filtered view on the child record, filtering by the Parent field (but maybe this also needs to be by the subject field?).
So if A is selected as the parent you get to select from the following for the Child record:
A1, Parent=A, Subject = whatever you want
A2, Parent=A, Subject = whatever you want
A3, Parent=A, Subject = whatever you want
AB1, Parent=A, Subject = whatever you want
If B is selected as the parent you get to select from the following for the Child record:
AB1, Parent=B, Subject = whatever you want
B2, Parent = B, Subject = whatever you want
B3, Parent = B, Subject = whatever you want
If C is selected as the parent you get to select from the following for the Child record:
C1, Parent = C, Subject = whatever you want
You child lookup table is a big table - a row for every valid cross match between subject, parent and child scenario.
Can you give us a bit more of the business scenario?