1. No, you don't need to develop anything. You simply need to create a data project and create a recurring data job in that project
2. You are able to do that. But the interval is managed by the external system, not D365FO.
3. With recurring integrations and data package API, D365FO is not communicating with any system. The external system must initiate the communications.
If your external system can't poll D365FO, you can set up a middleman system such as Recurring Integrations Scheduler, BizTalk or Logic Apps. This system would handle polling D365FO and sending the data to your external system. Or you can develop your own custom batch job in D365FO that collects data and sends it to web service of your external system. But in this case you would not create a data project and you would not use recurring integrations or data package API.
4. In Data management workspace, on the left hand side you have two big tiles: Export and Import. Click them to create export / import projects
5. CustInvoiceJournal. But not sure why you are asking about a form. Did you mean "what data entity"? You can use CustInvoiceJournalHeaderEntity and CustInvoiceJournalLineEntity. You can also right click any table in AOT and click Find references to find all referenced objects, including data entities
6. Where is this screenshot from? How did you end up asking about it?