Hello SelfStarter,
Multiple options were available in Business Central for update data externally.
You are still able to create Page, Query, and Codeunit services as you did in Navision but here in Business Central you can also create Page of API type, and after Publishing the Services you can consume it from POSTMAN or SOAP UI.
As no separate API is available for Purchase Credit Memo, you can expose custom API for this or you can expose SOAP service by creating methods in codeunit whichever is suitable for you.
While consuming the Web Service you can use Username and Password for authentication including your domain in username, also make sure to enable NTLM Authentication for authorization if your ClientCredentialType is set to Windows.
If you are using NavUserPassword, make sure to configure SSL and thumbprint then for this you can use Authorization type basic for authentication.
It's not very hard, recently I have created PowerApps with On-Premise, and also used Microsoft Power Automate.