The title is wrong - your Visual Studio did start and it's running. It's clearly visible in your screenshots.
Your actual problem is with debugging. So it's not about VS, it's not about database, it's not about other service - it's about the debugger. That's why the error message says "Unable to proceed with debugging".
I must admit that I also run into problems with debugging quite often. It's important to have enough memory available; xppc.exe is what I regularly shut down to free some memory. Even with enough RAM, I sometimes get this message about timeout, but restarting VS usually does the job.
Restarting VS was mentioned above, but not the question of RAM, so check that too.
Also, if you don't need debugging at the moment, just open the web page in a browser without actually starting it from Visual Studio. VS also has an option to run a project without debugging, but it still work worse (in case of F&O) then just opening the web page.