Dynamics Online Services / 6499, was removed as a product altogether beginning in GP 2018, which is why you may see it showing in DU000020 and DB_Upgrade, but not updated to 18.3 or even 18.0.
For the CTPWIN32.dll, it's an odd issue as this file is a file in the GP directory itself, which I'd normally say the GP code is damaged but with the issue only being in one company, it's a bit more odd, but not outside the realm of possibilities.
Is it just on this one Windows 7 machine you're seeing the issue?
The same users can login to this one problem company from Dynamics GP on other machines?
Is there anything more in Event Viewer that may give more information?
If it is only on this one machine, and the same users can login to the same company from other machines/Dynamics GP instances, then it would seem something environmental to this one machine.
I know you mention you've tried re-installing Dynamics GP. Have you tried downloading a new MDGPFALL2020_DVD_ENUS media and MSP file needed for 18.3.1200 and tried installing with it, to see if that makes a difference?
Thanks