We are currently setting up and using IFD on our Dynamics CRM 2013 on-premises server on our company server. There is no problem logging in with ADFS authentication from inside or outside.
I am recreating it as an Azure VM from an on-premises server, this time with the same settings.
Everything went well in the IFD setting in Azure VM.
There is no issue logging in with ADFS authentication internally however fail to access CRM from externally.
I tried configuring Azure's inbound security rules and firewall, but to no avail.
[Error message after login from external]
An error has occurred.
Try this action again. If the problem continues, check the Microsoft Dynamics CRM Community for solutions or contact your organization's Microsoft Dynamics CRM Administrator. Finally, you can contact Microsoft Support.